3 – Pulmonary function and diagnostic testing Static and dynamic lung volumes 80 Elisabeth Kieninger, Yasmin Salem Mahmoud and Oliver Fuchs Respiratory mechanics 89 Marc-Alexander Oestreich, Christoph Corin Willers and Oliver Fuchs Respiratory muscle function 97 Brigitte Fauroux, Alessandro Amaddeo and Sonia Khirani Reversibility and bronchial provocation testing 104 Nicole Beydon and Monika Gappa Cardiopulmonary exercise testing 113 Helge Hebestreit and Thomas Radtke Blood gas assessment and oximetry 121 Paola Papoff, Corrado Moretti and Raffaella Nenna Single- and multiple-breath washout techniques 129 Bettina Sarah Frauchiger, Sophie Yammine and Florian Singer Pulmonary function testing in infants and preschool children 135 Enrico Lombardi, Claudia Calogero and Graham L. Hall Forced oscillation techniques 141 Shannon J. Simpson, Sherlynn Ang and Graham L. Hall Exhaled nitric oxide, induced sputum and exhaled breath 146 analysis Mariëlle Pijnenburg, Valentina Ferraro and Silvia Carraro Assessing respiratory risks of air travel, altitude and diving 154 Mary J. Sharp, Carly E. Seeber and Graham L. Hall 4 – Airway endoscopy Flexible airway endoscopy 158 Ernst Eber, Jacques de Blic and Fabio Midulla Bronchoalveolar lavage: techniques and indications 169 Fabio Midulla, Raffaella Nenna and Ernst Eber Bronchial brushing and bronchial and transbronchial biopsies 176 Petr Pohunek, Václav Koucký and Pierre Goussard