Everyone, regardless of socioeconomic or geographical context, should receive appropriate and effective care. All people diagnosed with TB should have an equal opportunity to access standard diagnostic tools and treatment options, and should benefit from new modalities. New treatment options provide an opportunity for personalised and patient-centred care that considers individual factors such as drug resistance, comorbidities and treatment preferences – this should be prioritised. Moreover, success in TB control is not realistic without preventive treatment of those at high risk, vaccination against TB, and management of comorbidities and TB-associated impairment and disability. BCG vaccination offers protective effects against TB. Priorities for the future should not only expand BCG vaccination to wider populations and strengthen vaccination programmes, they should also invest in research for new and effective vaccines against TB. Decisive and accountable global, regional and national leadership is important, and this should include regular UN reporting and review. Following the 2018 UNHLM on TB, WHO developed the Multisectoral Accountability Framework for Tuberculosis [4], as a monitoring and accountability tool to track progress in the fight against TB in global, regional and country profiles. Member states declared that they would strengthen collaborations between global and national public health authorities, patient groups, researchers and the private sector, providing a framework for action and a roadmap for accelerating efforts to end the TB epidemic [4]. National TB programmes and synergies with other strategies would improve TB control. The UNHLM on TB 2023 [3] will provide an opportunity for all stakeholders to contribute to the ongoing preparatory process for the high-level meetings, with a focus on current efforts and requirements to accelerate the response among TB survivors, people affected by TB, communities and civil society, and other TB stakeholders, including UN agencies, high-burden TB countries, donors and the private sector. References 1 Uplekar M, Weil D, Lonnroth K, et al. WHO’s new End TB Strategy. Lancet 2015 385: 1799–1801. 2 World Health Organization. Tuberculosis Action Plan for the WHO European Region 2023–2030: Draft for the Seventy-second Regional Committee for Europe. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/361921/ 72bg06e-AP-TB.pdf Date last updated: 14 September 2022. Date last accessed: 19 July 2023. 3 Stop TB Partnership. UNHLM on TB Key Targets and Commitments. https://www.stoptb.org/advocacy-and- communications/unhlm-tb-key-targets-and-commitments Date last accessed 19 July 2023. 4 World Health Organization. Multisectoral Accountability Framework to Accelerate Progress to End Tuberculosis by 2030. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2019. 5 World Health Organization. The End TB Strategy. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2015. 6 World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2022. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2022. 7 Swindells S, Ramchandani R, Gupta A, et al. One month of rifapentine plus isoniazid to prevent HIV-related tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2019 380: 1001–1011. 8 World Health Organization. WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Tuberculosis: Module 1: Prevention: Tuberculosis Preventive Treatment. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2020. 9 World Health Organization. Research and development for tuberculosis. www.who.int/observatories/ global-observatory-on-health-research-and-development/analyses-and-syntheses/tuberculosis/analysis-of-tb-r-d- pipeline Date last accessed: 19 June 2023. 10 Tait DR, Hatherill M, Van Der Meeren O, et al. Final analysis of a trial of M72/AS01E vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 2019 381: 2429–2439. 11 Nemes E, Geldenhuys H, Rozot V, et al. Prevention of M. tuberculosis infection with H4:IC31 vaccine or BCG revaccination. N Engl J Med 2018 379: 138–149. 12 Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative. Pipeline of vaccines. www.tbvi.eu/what-we-do/pipeline-of-vaccines/ Date last accessed: 19 June 2023. 13 Bagcchi S. Can mRNA vaccine tech take on tuberculosis? www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/can-mrna-vaccine- tech-take-tuberculosis Date last updated: 14 April 2022. xvi https://doi.org/10.1183/2312508X.10025822