Contents Preface v Guest Editors vii Introduction x List of abbreviations xiv 1. Definition and history 1 Ulrich Costabel and Sonoko Nagai 2. Epidemiology: solving the jigsaw puzzle 8 Yvette C. Cozier, Elizabeth V. Arkema, Juan V. Rodriguez, Jeffrey S. Berman and Praveen Govender 3. Aetiopathogenesis, molecular determinants and immunological features 25 Paolo Spagnolo and Johan Grunewald 4. Unravelling the genetic basis of sarcoidosis 41 Coline H.M. van Moorsel, Martin Petrek and Natalia V. Rivera 5. Principles of diagnosis 57 Rocco Trisolini, Paolo Spagnolo and Robert P. Baughman 6. Conventional and nuclear imaging techniques 75 Rémy L.M. Mostard and Ruchi Yadav 7. Pathological features and differential diagnosis 91 Giulio Rossi and Carol Farver 8. Serum and imaging biomarkers 107 Ingrid H.E. Korenromp, Lisa A. Maier and Jan C. Grutters 9. Pulmonary sarcoidosis 122 W. Ennis James and Francesco Bonella 10. Cardiac sarcoidosis 142 David H. Birnie and Vasileios Kouranos 11. Granulomatous and nongranulomatous neurological sarcoidosis 160 Jinny Tavee and Mareye Voortman ERS monograph Sarcoidosis Number 96 March 2022