Contents Preface v Guest Editors vi Introduction viii List of abbreviations xii 1. Epidemiology: why is pleural disease becoming more common? 1 Uffe Bodtger and Robert J. Hallifax 2. The pathophysiology of breathlessness and other symptoms associated 13 with pleural effusions Rajesh Thomas, Y.C. Gary Lee and Eleanor K. Mishra 3. In vitro and in vivo laboratory models 29 Xuan Yao and Nikolaos I. Kanellakis 4. Radiology: what is the role of chest radiographs, CT and PET in 48 modern management? Laura Duerden, Rachel Benamore and Anthony Edey 5. Thoracic ultrasound: a key tool beyond procedure guidance 73 Radhika A. Banka, Søren H. Skaarup, Rachel M. Mercer and Christian B. Laursen 6. Pleural interventions: less is more? 90 Maged Hassan, Mohammed Munavvar and John P. Corcoran 7. Pleural physiology: what do we understand and what should we 105 measure in clinical practice? Michael Gregory Lester, David Feller-Kopman and Fabien Maldonado 8. Medical thoracoscopy in 2020: essential and future techniques 120 Valentina Pinelli and Amelia O. Clive 9. Optimal diagnosis and treatment of malignant disease: challenging 138 the guidelines David T. Arnold, Mark Roberts, Momen Wahidi and Rahul Bhatnagar 10. Pleural infection: moving from treatment to prevention 155 Eihab O. Bedawi and Najib M. Rahman ERS monograph Pleural Disease Number 87 March 2020