Contents Preface vii Guest Editors viii Introduction xi List of abbreviations xiv Main pathophysiological pathways and biomarkers 1. Cancer immunosurveillance in respiratory diseases 1 Carolina Cubillos-Zapata, Elena Díaz-García and Francisco García-Río 2. Respiratory infections and cancer 15 Jennifer Pollock, Chloe Hughes and James D. Chalmers 3. Continuous and intermittent hypoxia in cancer 31 Cliona O’Donnell, Ailbhe King and Silke Ryan 4. Future challenges and their impact on respiratory health and lung cancer 48 David Chi-Leung Lam, Yoichi Nakanishi and Yoshinosuke Fukuchi Pulmonary-related risk factors for cancer 5. Smoking, vaping, nicotine and the risk of cancer 59 Carlos A. Jiménez-Ruiz, Carlos Rabade-Castedo, Marcos García-Rueda, Eva Cabrera-César and Eva de Higes-Martinez 6. Occupational exposure to respirable carcinogens and the risk of cancer 71 Preston Ngo, Peter Sarich, Eleonora Feletto, Timothy Driscoll, Paul Grogan, Marianne Weber and Karen Canfell 7. Exposure to thoracic radiation and the risk of cancer 82 Catherine Bettington, Philip Chan and Gary Pratt Airway diseases and cancer 8. COPD: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care 91 Ian A. Yang, Janet G. Shaw, Edward K.H. Stephens, Tian Mun Chee, Edwina E. Duhig, Rayleen V. Bowman, Gerard N. Olive, Henry M. Marshall and Kwun M. Fong 9. Emphysema: the risk of cancer and the impact on cancer care 105 Jessica Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Pablo Sanchez-Salcedo and Juan P. de Torres ERS monograph Lung Diseases and Cancer Number 98 December 2022