Contents Preface vii Guest Editors ix Introduction xi List of abbreviations xiv Understanding the mechanisms of poverty and respiratory ill health 1. How to read a paper about inequality in respiratory disease: 1 basic epidemiological principles and how inequalities are measured Anna Pearce and S. Vittal Katikireddi 2. What causes poverty and how does this contribute to respiratory 11 inequality? Alice Lee, Daniel B. Hawcutt and Ian P. Sinha 3. Ethnic, racial and migrant inequalities in respiratory health 26 Holly Tibble, Luke Daines and Aziz Sheikh 4. Inequalities in respiratory health based on sex and gender 40 Xiubin Zhang, Jennifer K. Quint and Hannah Whittaker 5. Air pollution and respiratory inequality: lessons from high-income 51 countries Jonathan Grigg 6. Food insecurity and respiratory ill health 61 Elissa M. Abrams 7. Housing and respiratory health: exposures, health effects and 68 interventions Douglas Strane and Tyra Bryant-Stephens 8. Tobacco, novel tobacco and nicotine products, and respiratory health 80 Filippos T. Filippidis and Anthony A. Laverty 9. Work and respiratory health: lessons from occupational lung disease 89 Ruth E. Wiggans 10. Antenatal determinants of child lung development 99 Karl A. Holden, Melanie Gibson, Ian P. Sinha and Daniel B. Hawcutt ERS monograph Inequalities in Respiratory Health Number 99 March 2023