5 World Health Organization. Global Diffusion of eHealth: Making Universal Health Coverage Achievable. Report
of the Third Global Survey on eHealth. Geneva, WHO, 2019.
6 Health Foundation and Nuffield Trust. The remote care revolution during COVID-19. https://www.nuffieldtrust.
org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-12/QWAS/digital-and-remote-care-in-covid-19.html#1 Date last accessed: 17
September 2023.
7 Vindrola-Padros C, Singh KE, Sidhu MS, et al. Remote home monitoring (virtual wards) for confirmed or
suspected COVID-19 patients: a rapid systematic review. eClinicalMedicine 2021 37: 100965.
8 Digital Therapeutics Alliance. Understanding DTx. A New Category of Medicine. https://dtxalliance.org/
understanding-dtx Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
9 Uzzaman MN, Agarwal D, Chan SC, et al. Effectiveness of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation: systematic
review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2022 31: 220076.
10 Pinnock H. Connecting professionals and patients: how technology can support asthma self-management.
Respir Drug Del Eur 2017 1: 43–52.
11 Pinnock H, Murphie P, Vogiatzis I, et al. Telemedicine and virtual respiratory care in the era of COVID-19. ERJ
Open Res 2022 8: 00111-2022.
12 James HM, Papoutsi C, Wherton J. Spread, scale-up, and sustainability of video consulting in health care:
systematic review and synthesis guided by the NASSS framework. J Med Internet Res 2021 23: e23775.
13 Latulippe K, Hamel C, Giroux D. Social health inequalities and eHealth: a literature review with qualitative
synthesis of theoretical and empirical studies. J Med Internet Res 2017 19: e6731.
14 Hart JT. The inverse care law. Lancet 1971 297: 405–412.
15 UK Government Digital Service. Data Ethics Framework 2020. www.gov.uk/government/publications/data-ethics-
framework Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
16 European Commission. European Health Data Space 2022. https://health.ec.europa.eu/ehealth-digital-health-
and-care/european-health-data-space_en Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
17 European Respiratory Society. ERS submission to the European Commission’s proposal on the European Health
Data Space. www.ersnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/ERS-submission-EHDS.pdf Date last accessed: 22
September 2023.
18 OpenAI. Introducing Chat GPT. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
19 Hui CY, McKinstry B, Fulton O, et al. Patients and clinicians perceived trust in internet-of-things (IoTs) system to
support asthma self-management: a qualitative study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021 9: e24127.
20 ERS Presidential summit 2021. Digital respiratory medicine – realism vs futurism. www.ersnet.org/events/
ers-presidential-summit-2021 Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
21 Daines L, Buekers J, Abascal-Bolado B, et al. ERS International Congress 2020: highlights from the General
Pneumology Assembly. ERJ Open Res 2021 7: 00841-2020.
22 Gille T, Sivapalan P, Kaltsakas G, et al. European Respiratory Society International Congress 2021: highlights
from the Respiratory Clinical Care and Physiology Assembly). ERJ Open Res 2022 8: 00710-2021.
23 Vontetsianos A, Karadeniz Güven D, Betka S, et al. European Respiratory Society International Congress 2022:
highlights from the Respiratory Clinical Care and Physiology Assembly. ERJ Open Res 2023 9: 00194-2023.
24 Poberezhets V, Pinnock H, Vogiatzis I, et al. Implementation of digital health interventions in respiratory
medicine: a call to ERS action by the m-health/e-health group. ERJ Open Res 2020 6: 00281-2019.
25 European Lung Foundation. Patient Organisation Networking Day 2021. Digital health: the role of patients and
their healthcare teams in the future of healthcare. https://europeanlung.org/en/elf-patient-organisation-
networking-day-2021/ Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
26 Campbell JL, Fletcher E, Britten N, et al. Telephone triage for management of same-day consultation requests
in general practice (ESTEEM trial): a cluster-randomised controlled trial and cost-consequence analysis. Lancet
2014 384: 1859–1868.
27 Wanat M, Hoste ME, Gobat NH, et al. Patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives on the primary care consultations for
acute respiratory infections during the COVID pandemic: an 8-country qualitative study in Europe. BJGP Open
2022 6: BJGPO.2021.0172.
28 Boers SN, Jongsma KR, Lucivero F, et al. eHealth in primary care. Part 2: exploring the ethical implications of
its application in primary care practice. Eur J Gen Pract 2020 26: 26–32.
29 Orlando JF, Beard M, Kumar S. Systematic review of patient and caregivers’ satisfaction with
telehealth video-conferencing as a mode of service delivery in managing patients’ health. PloS One 2019 14:
e0221848.
30 van Boven JFM, Drummond D, Chan AHY, et al. ERS “CONNECT” Clinical Research Collaboration – moving
multiple digital innovations towards connected respiratory care: addressing the over-arching challenges of
whole systems implementation. Eur Respir J 2023 62: 2301680.
31 Shaw SE, Hughes G, Wherton J, et al. Achieving spread, scale up and sustainability of video consulting services
during the Covid-19 pandemic? A comparative case study of policy implementation in England, Wales, Scotland
and NI. Front Digit Health 2021 3: 754319.
xiv https://doi.org/10.1183/2312508X.10016623
of the Third Global Survey on eHealth. Geneva, WHO, 2019.
6 Health Foundation and Nuffield Trust. The remote care revolution during COVID-19. https://www.nuffieldtrust.
org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-12/QWAS/digital-and-remote-care-in-covid-19.html#1 Date last accessed: 17
September 2023.
7 Vindrola-Padros C, Singh KE, Sidhu MS, et al. Remote home monitoring (virtual wards) for confirmed or
suspected COVID-19 patients: a rapid systematic review. eClinicalMedicine 2021 37: 100965.
8 Digital Therapeutics Alliance. Understanding DTx. A New Category of Medicine. https://dtxalliance.org/
understanding-dtx Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
9 Uzzaman MN, Agarwal D, Chan SC, et al. Effectiveness of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation: systematic
review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2022 31: 220076.
10 Pinnock H. Connecting professionals and patients: how technology can support asthma self-management.
Respir Drug Del Eur 2017 1: 43–52.
11 Pinnock H, Murphie P, Vogiatzis I, et al. Telemedicine and virtual respiratory care in the era of COVID-19. ERJ
Open Res 2022 8: 00111-2022.
12 James HM, Papoutsi C, Wherton J. Spread, scale-up, and sustainability of video consulting in health care:
systematic review and synthesis guided by the NASSS framework. J Med Internet Res 2021 23: e23775.
13 Latulippe K, Hamel C, Giroux D. Social health inequalities and eHealth: a literature review with qualitative
synthesis of theoretical and empirical studies. J Med Internet Res 2017 19: e6731.
14 Hart JT. The inverse care law. Lancet 1971 297: 405–412.
15 UK Government Digital Service. Data Ethics Framework 2020. www.gov.uk/government/publications/data-ethics-
framework Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
16 European Commission. European Health Data Space 2022. https://health.ec.europa.eu/ehealth-digital-health-
and-care/european-health-data-space_en Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
17 European Respiratory Society. ERS submission to the European Commission’s proposal on the European Health
Data Space. www.ersnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/ERS-submission-EHDS.pdf Date last accessed: 22
September 2023.
18 OpenAI. Introducing Chat GPT. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
19 Hui CY, McKinstry B, Fulton O, et al. Patients and clinicians perceived trust in internet-of-things (IoTs) system to
support asthma self-management: a qualitative study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021 9: e24127.
20 ERS Presidential summit 2021. Digital respiratory medicine – realism vs futurism. www.ersnet.org/events/
ers-presidential-summit-2021 Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
21 Daines L, Buekers J, Abascal-Bolado B, et al. ERS International Congress 2020: highlights from the General
Pneumology Assembly. ERJ Open Res 2021 7: 00841-2020.
22 Gille T, Sivapalan P, Kaltsakas G, et al. European Respiratory Society International Congress 2021: highlights
from the Respiratory Clinical Care and Physiology Assembly). ERJ Open Res 2022 8: 00710-2021.
23 Vontetsianos A, Karadeniz Güven D, Betka S, et al. European Respiratory Society International Congress 2022:
highlights from the Respiratory Clinical Care and Physiology Assembly. ERJ Open Res 2023 9: 00194-2023.
24 Poberezhets V, Pinnock H, Vogiatzis I, et al. Implementation of digital health interventions in respiratory
medicine: a call to ERS action by the m-health/e-health group. ERJ Open Res 2020 6: 00281-2019.
25 European Lung Foundation. Patient Organisation Networking Day 2021. Digital health: the role of patients and
their healthcare teams in the future of healthcare. https://europeanlung.org/en/elf-patient-organisation-
networking-day-2021/ Date last accessed: 22 September 2023.
26 Campbell JL, Fletcher E, Britten N, et al. Telephone triage for management of same-day consultation requests
in general practice (ESTEEM trial): a cluster-randomised controlled trial and cost-consequence analysis. Lancet
2014 384: 1859–1868.
27 Wanat M, Hoste ME, Gobat NH, et al. Patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives on the primary care consultations for
acute respiratory infections during the COVID pandemic: an 8-country qualitative study in Europe. BJGP Open
2022 6: BJGPO.2021.0172.
28 Boers SN, Jongsma KR, Lucivero F, et al. eHealth in primary care. Part 2: exploring the ethical implications of
its application in primary care practice. Eur J Gen Pract 2020 26: 26–32.
29 Orlando JF, Beard M, Kumar S. Systematic review of patient and caregivers’ satisfaction with
telehealth video-conferencing as a mode of service delivery in managing patients’ health. PloS One 2019 14:
e0221848.
30 van Boven JFM, Drummond D, Chan AHY, et al. ERS “CONNECT” Clinical Research Collaboration – moving
multiple digital innovations towards connected respiratory care: addressing the over-arching challenges of
whole systems implementation. Eur Respir J 2023 62: 2301680.
31 Shaw SE, Hughes G, Wherton J, et al. Achieving spread, scale up and sustainability of video consulting services
during the Covid-19 pandemic? A comparative case study of policy implementation in England, Wales, Scotland
and NI. Front Digit Health 2021 3: 754319.
xiv https://doi.org/10.1183/2312508X.10016623