that this comprehensive overview will be useful for the clinical practice of a broad range of respiratory physicians and improve the care for patients with diseases of the nose and the lung. Disclosures: R. Bals has received grants from the German Research Ministerium and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. He has also received personal fees from GSK, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and CSL Behring. viii https://doi.org/10.1183/2312508X.10007917