TABLE 3Currently available and recommended TPT regimens Regimen# Total duration, months Notes 6H (daily) 6 More experience using it as TPT Poor adherence and completion rates Low cost Dispersible tablet available for children High risk of adverse events 3HR (daily) 3 Child-friendly formulation for 25 kg High adherence and completion rate Widely available in low-resource settings No child-friendly formulation for⩾25 kg Not suitable for HIV-positive children due to DDIs with ART 3HP (weekly) 3 No dosage for 2 years No child-friendly formulation High-cost regimen High adherence and completion rate Low risk of adverse events Recommended regimen for adolescents with HIV on TDF/DTG/EFV/RAL-based ART 4R (daily) 4 No child-friendly formulation (liquid formulation not recommended but capsules can be opened and sprinkled onto or mixed with food/water for young children) High adherence and completion rate Low risk of adverse events DDIs with ART 1HP (daily) 1 High adherence and completion rate Not available for children 13 years of age Can be given to adolescents with HIV on TDF/DTG/EFV/RAL-based ART MDR-TB regimens 6 Most guidance advises a 6-month regimen of daily therapy that includes a fluoroquinolone Three clinical trials currently underway to evaluate TPT for MDR-TB (see text) H: isoniazid R: rifampicin P: rifapentine DDI: drug–drug interaction TDF: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate DTG: dolutegravir EFV: efavirenz RAL: raltegravir.#: R- and P-containing regimens should be prescribed with caution in children and adolescents living with HIV and on ART because of potential DDIs. They can be used with EFV-based ART regimens. 222 https://doi.org/10.1183/2312508X.10025322 ERS MONOGRAPH |THE CHALLENGE OF TB IN THE 21ST CENTURY