TABLE 1Candidate TB vaccines in clinical development Vaccine Antigen(s) Developer(s) Clinical trial# First author [ref.] Viral vectored Ad5Ag85A Ag85A McMaster University (Canada) NCT02337270 SMAILL[8], JEYANATHAN[9] ChAdOx1.85A Ag85A University of Oxford (UK) NCT03681860 WILKIE[10], FOLEGATTI[11] TB/FLU-04L Ag85A and ESAT-6 Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems (Kazakhstan) NCT02501421 BUZITSKAYA[12] Protein adjuvant H56:IC31 Ag85B, ESAT-6 and Rv2660c Statens Serum Institut (Denmark), Valneva (France) NCT03512249 LUABEYA[13], BEKKER[14], SULIMAN[15], JENUM[16] ID93/GLA-SE Rv1813, Rv2608, Rv3619 and Rv3620 Infectious Disease Research Institute (USA), National Institutes of Health (USA), Quratis (South Korea) NCT03806699, NCT03806686 PENN-NICHOLSON[17], DAY[18] M72/AS01E Mtb32A and Mtb39A Bill &Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute (USA), GlaxoSmithKline (UK) NCT04556981 DAY[19], PENN-NICHOLSON[20], VANDERMEEREN[21], TAIT[22] GamTBvac Ag85B, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 Gamaleya Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology (Russia) NCT04975737 VASINA[23], TKACHUK[24] AEC/BC02 Ag85B, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical (China) NCT05284812 CHEN[25] Inactivated mycobacterial Immuvac Whole-cellM. indicus pranii National Institute of Immunology, Cadila Pharmaceuticals (India) CTRI/2019/01/017206 SHARMA[26], MAYOSI[27], STEIGLER[28] RUTI Whole-cellM. tuberculosis Archivel Farma (Spain) NCT04919239, NCT05455112 VILAPLANA[29], NELL[30] DAR-901 Whole-cellM. obuense Dartmouth College (USA) NCT02712424 VONREYN[31], VONREYN[32], MUNSERI[33] Live mycobacterial MTBVAC Live, whole-cell M. tuberculosis Biofabri (Spain) NCT04975178 SPERTINI[34], TAMERIS[35] VPM1002 Live, whole-cellM. bovisBCG (Prague strain) Serum Institute of India (India) NCT04351685, NCT03152903, CTRI/2019/01/017206 LOXTON[36], GRODE[37], COTTON[38] BCG (revaccination) M. bovisBCG,M. tuberculosis epitopes in RD regions absent Bill &Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute (USA) NCT04152161 NEMES[39] mRNA BNT164a1/b1 Not in public domain BioNTech (Germany) NCT05537038, NCT05547464 NA Ag85A/B: mycobacterial antigen 85A/B ESAT-6: 6 kDa early secreted antigenic target CFP-10: 10 kDa culture filtrate protein RD: region of difference M. indicus pranii: Mycobacterium indicus pranii M. tuberculosis:Mycobacterium tuberculosis M. obuense:Mycobacterium obuense M. bovis:Mycobacterium bovis NA: not applicable.:# current or most recent clinical trial according to ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT) or Clinical Trials Registry India (CTRI). 166 https://doi.org/10.1183/2312508X.10024922 ERS MONOGRAPH |THE CHALLENGE OF TB IN THE 21ST CENTURY