ART antiretroviral therapy BCG bacille Calmette–Guérin COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019 CXR chest X-ray DOTS directly observed treatment, short course DR-TB drug-resistant tuberculosis DST drug-susceptibility testing EPTB extrapulmonary tuberculosis IFN interferon IGRA interferon-γ release assay IL interleukin LTBI latent tuberculosis infection MDR-TB multidrug-resistant tuberculosis PLHIV people living with HIV PTB pulmonary tuberculosis RR-TB rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis TB tuberculosis TBI tuberculosis infection TNF tumour necrosis factor TPT tuberculosis preventive treatment TST tuberculin skin test WGS whole-genome sequencing WHO World Health Organization XDR-TB extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis List of abbreviations