18F-FDG 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme BAL bronchoalveolar lavage CT computed tomography DLCO diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide EBUS endobronchial ultrasound EBUS-TBNA EBUS transbronchial needle aspiration EUS endoscopic ultrasound EUS-FNA EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s FVC forced vital capacity HLA human leukocyte antigen HRCT high-resolution CT IFN interferon IL interleukin ILD interstitial lung disease IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis MMF mycophenolate mofetil MRI magnetic resonance imaging mTOR mechanistic target of rapamycin MTX methotrexate PET positron emission tomography TGF transforming growth factor Th1 T-helper cell type 1 TNF tumour necrosis factor List of abbreviations