10. Bronchoscopic cryotherapy and cryobiopsy 141 Rajesh Thomas and Martin J. Phillips 11. Navigational bronchoscopy in solitary pulmonary nodules 162 Ralf Eberhardt and Joris van der Horst 12. Thoracoscopy 176 Pyng Lee Therapeutic interventions 13. Haemoptysis 191 George Z. Cheng and Momen M. Wahidi 14 Early cancer therapies 210 Marta Díez-Ferrer, Cristina Gutierrez and Antoni Rosell 15. Central airway obstruction 224 Christophe Dooms and Antoni Rosell 16. Airway stents 236 Marc Fortin and Hervé Dutau 17 Foreign bodies 252 Sebastian Fernandez-Bussy and Gonzalo Labarca 18. Airway fistulas 264 Christophe Dooms and Jonas Yserbyt 19. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction 276 Dirk-Jan Slebos, Karin Klooster and Nick H.T. Ten Hacken 20 Bronchial thermoplasty 294 Michel Aubier, Marie-Christine Dombret, Marie-Pierre Debray and Marina Pretolani 21. Advanced techniques in local anaesthetic thoracoscopy 307 Rahul Bhatnagar, Rachel Jones and Nick Maskell 22. Upcoming techniques 325 Daniela Gompelmann