AECOPD acute exacerbation of COPD
BAL bronchoalveolar lavage
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
CRP C-reactive protein
CT computed tomography
DPI dry-powder inhaler
FEV
1
forced expiratory volume in 1 s
FVC forced vital capacity
ICS inhaled corticosteroid
ICU intensive care unit
Ig immunoglobulin
IL interleukin
LABA long-acting β-agonist
LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonist
LLN lower limit of normal
LMICs low- and middle-income countries
MDI metered-dose inhaler
RCT randomised controlled trial
RV residual volume
SABA short-acting β-agonist
SAMA short-acting muscarinic antagonist
SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
TLC total lung capacity
List of abbreviations